Galvanized Steel Pipes: Specifies Q235B, Q355B, ASTM A53/A500 grades, sizes (1/2”–48”), and hot-dip galvanizing for corrosion resistance. Bending Process: Details induction bending, sand packing, and pipe benders, with precautions for welding galvanized steel. Space Frame Trusses: Explains axial load distribution, buckling resistance, and joint design per BS EN 1993-1-1 and 1993-1-8. Applications: Covers commercial, sports, industrial, and transportation sectors, with examples like stadium roofs and airport terminals.

The bending test research on U-type steel sheet piles demonstrates their robust performance under lateral loading, with the NS-SP-Ⅳ pile achieving a maximum bending moment of 455 kNm/m and deflections within allowable limits. Experimental results, validated by finite element simulations, confirm the accuracy of theoretical models based on Euler-Bernoulli and p-y curve methods. Higher-strength steel (Q345) significantly enhances bending capacity, making it suitable for challenging geotechnical conditions. The findings support the use of U-type piles in riverbank excavations, with recommendations for optimizing pile selection and anchoring strategies. Future research should explore fatigue performance and hybrid reinforcement techniques to further improve durability.

Steel sheet pile reinforcement technology is highly effective for long riverbank excavations, provided that soil conditions, groundwater effects, and excavation depth are carefully considered. The study demonstrates that double-anchored systems outperform cantilever and single-anchored configurations, reducing lateral displacement and bending moments significantly. Numerical simulations using PLAXIS validated theoretical models, with field data confirming the accuracy of p-y curve predictions. Future research should focus on optimizing pile embedment depth and exploring hybrid reinforcement strategies to enhance performance in complex soil profiles.

Selecting the optimal construction method for large-diameter steel pipe piles requires balancing soil conditions, project constraints, and environmental impacts. Impact driving is cost-effective but noisy, vibratory driving is fast but soil-specific, hydraulic pressing is precise but slow, and drilling-based methods are versatile but expensive. Comparative data and case studies demonstrate trade-offs, with costs ranging from $40–200/m and capacities from 10–30 MN. Innovations like noise mitigation and automation are enhancing efficiency. Engineers should use geotechnical data and decision models to tailor method selection to project needs.

The combination of Z-Type and U-Profile sections provided optimal performance characteristics meeting both structural requirements and environmental considerations in one of the world's most challenging marine environments.

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